The Mental Health Of The Wealthy - 1842 Words

Similar to parents, schools overlook and neglect the mental health of students because of their fixation on academic success. In 2005 out of 302 middle school students at a private school, the rate of depression for girls was twice that of the general rate of depression for teens (Luthar). The mental health of the wealthy is underestimated seeing that people believe that wealth is an immunity against mental illnesses. Instead, schools misread the symptoms of depression as stress. Also considering that school is an institute for education, the health of the students is not as prioritized. The success of students and their acceptances into college is emphasized and the mental health of students becomes only a topic of health class. Taking into account the duration of a teenager’s life in class, schools should take more responsibility for their students’ mental health. Craig’s situation portrays his school’s neglect of its students’ mental health when he believes that the principal is calling to expel him for admitting himself into a mental ward: â€Å"Now he’s on my ass because he knows I’m crazy and knows I haven’t been doing my homework. [†¦] I’m being expelled. I’m out of school. I’m never going to go to high school again. I’m never going to go to college† (Vizzini 301-302). Craig’s fear of expulsion illustrates the school’s failure to communicate its support for its students. He fails to understand that depression is a mental illness that many students experience and that theShow MoreRelatedIt Is Company Health Insurance Or Government Funded Programs Like Medicare1548 Words   |  7 Pagesnot what they used to be. With the increase of the population around the world also comes the need for health care. 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They have specialized training in mental health and are licensed by the state to provide the care. - Providers with training in general health care, such as, family practioners, pediatriciansRead MoreA Short Note On Ethical Issues And Dilemmas966 Words   |  4 PagesE. Ethical Issues and Dilemmas Unfortunately, SCD rarely affects the wealthy or the majority racial/ethnic group. SCD mostly affects people of African descent and most often they come from lower socioeconomic group. A study conducted on caregivers of children with SCD showed that 61% of the caregiver’s highest level of education was a high school diploma. As we are all aware, the U.S. has a history of racism. This could contribute to the amount of funding and support that research for SCD receivesRead MoreResearch Questions On The Association Between Loan Lending And Psycho Monic Position Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesstudent loans because of the form a wealthy family. This suggests that the association between recent concerns raised by policymakers about the amount of debt student loans and mental health will be stronger among individuals being experienced by current U.S. college students. The author used several sources for his research. The sources used were (U.S. Department of Education, Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Department of Community Health Sciences. In addition, PsychologicalRead MoreRichard Cory Summary : Money Does Not Buy Happiness1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthought of as being happiest, i.e., the wealthy, are the most likely to commit suicide (Sanburn). Edwin Arlington Robinson writes Richard Cory in order to illustrate this strange and ironic psychology: â€Å"†¦suicide risks are higher in wealthier neighborhoods, a morbid demonstration of the folly of trying to ‘keep up with the Joneses’† (Sanburn). There are suicidal risk factors because of the pressures of society and their expectations are more intense in wealthy communities. The reason that there are

The Effects of Black Tea on the Growth Free Essays

string(34) " based on its zone of inhibition\." The effects of black tea on the growth of E. coli bacteria cultures Kierstin Barker, Melissa Bischak, Jackie Tyszkiewicz, Errin Enany September 25, 2012 Abstract: This study was carried out in order to investigate whether black tea has antimicrobial properties as stated in Steven Johnson’s The Ghost Map. If tea does have antimicrobial properties, then it could aid in warding off waterborne diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Black Tea on the Growth or any similar topic only for you Order Now We believed that if black tea is steeped in boiled water, then the amount of bacteria exposed to this solution would decrease. We expected to see no difference in the amount of bacteria exposed to the black tea solution. Tannic acid, black tea, boiled water, and a tetracycline antibiotic were tested for their zones of inhibition in order to determine antimicrobial properties. Our results stated that tea does not contain tannic acid but does contain tannin and therefore does not have antimicrobial properties that contain tannic acid based on the results of this experiment. Introduction: In the novel: The Ghost Map, written by Steven Johnson, Johnson refers to the idea that tea has antimicrobial properties and that it could possibly have influenced people’s risk of contracting infectious diseases such as cholera (Johnson, 2006). Traditionally, people drank tea to improve blood flow, eliminate toxins, and to improve resistance to diseases (Dufresne and Farnworth, 2000). Tea has been shown to have a wide range of physiological and pharmacological effects such as having antimicrobial properties, inhibiting malignant cells, and simply leaving the drinker feeling refreshed (Hamilton-Miller, 1995). Black tea contains amounts of tannic acid. Tannic acid is a commercial type of tannin, which is a bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids and has antimicrobial properties which could possibly aid in warding off waterborne diseases (Yildirim, 2000). Could some people in the city of London actually have been saved from the fatal cholera disease due to their preferred drink of tea? If tea actually does have antimicrobial properties, then it could possibly provide some explanation as to why some people were not affected by this waterborne disease as seriously as others. So, our primary question is, â€Å"Does black tea decrease the amount of live bacteria in a solution? † In order to test this question, we have devised hypotheses and experiments to see if black tea actually does stunt bacterial growth and whether tannic acid helps aid in this process. While making observations, developing questions, designing an experiment to test hypotheses, and analyzing data, we also want to demonstrate our proficiency in using the scientific method throughout this study. We believe that if black tea is steeped in boiled water, then the amount of bacteria exposed to this solution will decrease. We expect to see no difference in the amount of bacteria exposed to the black tea solution. If we are able to accept our alternative hypothesis, then the claims that Steven Johnson makes in The Ghost Map could be plausible and tea with tannic acid could have possibly helped ward off waterborne diseases during this particular outbreak in London. By testing antibiotic, tannic acid, and black tea solutions on prepared agar plates covered in E. coli bacteria, we predict to observe the different effects that each solution emits based on the zone of inhibition for each type of solution. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out on September 11, 2012. In order to carry out such an experiment, many different materials were used. Two 200 mL beakers were each filled with 200 mL of deionized water. Using a Bunsen burner, both beakers of water were heated until boiling at 100? C. Three agar plates were prepared with 100 microliters of E. coli bacteria. This amount was measured using a micropipette. The bacteria were then spread around the entire surface area of each plate. Each agar plate was then labeled accordingly (figure 1). Plate #1:Plate #2:Plate #3: Antibiotic (Tetracycline- 30 micrograms/disc) Antibiotic (Tetracycline- 30 micrograms/disc) Boiled water Boiled water Tea Tea 0. 5% tannic acid 0. 5% tannic acid 2% tannic acid 2% tannic acid Figure 1: Labeling of agar plates. The arrows represent the side in which the solution was placed. Each half of the plate contained 3 discs doused with the appropriate solution. After the water was boiled, a black tea bag was then placed into one of the beakers and steeped for 4 minutes. This time was monitored using a stopwatch. After the tea had been steeped, 6 discs were dipped into the tea solution and then placed in the appropriate agar plate (plate #3). The discs were fairly equal distances apart. The same procedure was done with the other beaker of boiled water, the antibiotic, and the different percentages of tannic acid. A total of 6 discs were placed on each plate (ex: 3 dipped in boiled water, 3 in antibiotic in plate #1). These agar plates with added discs were then placed in an incubator set to 37? C for 48 hours and then placed in a refrigerator at 4? C. After the allotted time, the agar plates were taken out of storage and the bacterial reactions to the different solutions were observed and the zone of inhibition on each disc was measured in centimeters using a caliper measuring tool. Results: Table 1. Average diameter in centimeters of the zone of inhibition of the discs soaked each solution. Diameter of Zone of Inhibition| Solution| Average (cm)| Boiled Water| 0. 0| Black Tea| 0. 0| Tannic Acid (0. 5%)| 0. 27| Tannic Acid (2%)| 0. 63| Antibiotic| 1. 0| Table 1. Average diameter in centimeters of the zone of inhibition of the discs soaked each solution. Diameter of Zone of Inhibition| Solution| Average (cm)| Boiled Water| 0. 0| Black Tea| 0. 0| Tannic Acid (0. 5%)| 0. 27| Tannic Acid (2%)| 0. 63| Antibiotic| 1. 0| After measuring the zone of inhibition for each type of solution, we were able to conclude which solution had the most antimicrobial properties based on its zone of inhibition. You read "The Effects of Black Tea on the Growth" in category "Essay examples" The solution that had the most antimicrobial properties (stunted the growth of the bacteria the most) would have the greatest average zone of inhibition. According to our data, the solution with the greatest zone of inhibition was the antibiotic (table 1). This concentration was then compared to the rest of the solutions activity towards the bacteria. The higher tannic acid concentration had a greater zone of Figure 2. Average zone of inhibition in centimeters of each solution tested. For tannic acid solutions, the percentage in the parentheses is the concentration of the tannic acid. Figure 2. Average zone of inhibition in centimeters of each solution tested. For tannic acid solutions, the percentage in the parentheses is the concentration of the tannic acid. inhibition but a lower zone of inhibition than the antibiotic (table 1). Therefore, the more concentrated the tannic acid is, the greater the zone of inhibition. The black tea reacted to the bacteria in the same way as our boiled water control. These both had a zone of inhibition of zero. To better reinforce the differences in zones of inhibition, a bar graph was constructed (figure 2). Through this we were able to see the varying zone of inhibition and therefore could conclude the amount of bacteria growth on the different plates based on which solution was used. Discussion: In this lab, we tested black tea in order to see if it would produce a zone of inhibition in response to E. oli bacteria. What we observed after applying discs to our agar plates was that no apparent zone of inhibition on the tea discs was reached. Our control of boiled water had the same response to the E. coli as did the tea. The tetracycline antibiotic contained the greatest zone of inhibition because it was our control and was known to have antimicrobial properties. Tetracycline is primarily bacteriostatic and exerts its antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis (Anderson, 2012). The tannic acid also had antimicrobial properties based on the zone of inhibition. The greater amount of concentration, the more of an effect it had on stunting bacteria growth. Because the reaction to the bacteria in the tea and water solutions was similar and the reaction to the bacteria in the tea and the antibiotic was so different, this showed that tea does not have any antimicrobial properties based on this experiment. Because of the difference in reactions in the tannic acid versus the tea solutions, tea does not contain tannic acid or the amount of tannic acid in tea is so little that it does not produce a significant effect on bacteria. We expected to see no difference in the amount of bacteria exposed to the black tea solution. Therefore, we accepted our null hypothesis. We must reject our alternative hypothesis because no zone of inhibition was observed on the tea agar plate. We also did this experiment to see if tannic acid had and the black tea had a similar reaction to the bacteria. We observed that the results actually worked in reverse; the tea showed no significant signs of inhibition while the tannic acid did. With further research, we were able to conclude that tea does not contain tannic acid, but it does contain tannin (Richardson, 2012). Tannic acid is a form of commercial tannin and has antimicrobial properties, but it is not found in tea (Post, 2009). Through further research we were able to find a similar experiment that received positive data to support that tea has antimicrobial properties. In this experiment, they attempted to describe the synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea and antibiotics against enteropathogens. Antimicrobial activity of boiled water tea extract and organic solvent extract were studied against Salmonella typhimurium to determine minimum inhibitory concentration. Both green tea and black tea extracts effectively inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium and E. coli (Tiwari et al. , 2005). The difference in this experiment was that they added another alternative to test the tea; the tea was steeped in water at room temperature and in boiled water. According to their results, the zone of inhibition was greater in the tea at room temperature than the boiled water and the E. coli had a lower zone of inhibition than the S. typhimurium (Tiwari et al. , 2005). Not adding these factors into our own experiment could have made a significant difference in our figures and the zones of inhibition. Some areas of human error could have been that the tea was steeped for too short of a time to show any significant results or the forceps that handled the discs were not adequately sterile. Black tea did not have tannic acid as previously thought. Through research we were able to better our knowledge and accept our null hypothesis. Tea does have tannins which can be defensive compounds that counteract bacteria and fungi by interfering with plants’ surface proteins (McGee, 2006). This could have aided in the preservation of health during cholera outbreaks, but tannic acid was not a culprit in this investigation. Tea did not show any significant zone of inhibition and therefore does not have significant antimicrobial properties against E. coli bacteria according to this experiment. Literature Cited: Dufresne, C. and Farnworth, E. 2000. A review of latest research findings on the health promotion properties of tea. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 12: 404-421. Hamilton-Miller, J. M. T. 1995. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 39, No. 11. London: American Society for Microbiology. Johnson, S. 2006. The Ghost Map. New York: Riverhead Books. Lee Anne A. Drug Information Online, 2012. â€Å"Tetracycline Hydrochloride Capsules† USPhttp://www. drugs. com/pro/tetracycline. html Lee Anne Anderson (September 20, 2012). McGee, H. Tea 101, 2006. â€Å"What are Tannins? † http://www. ochef. com/197. htm (September 21, 2012). Post, Gordon. Post Apple Scientific Inc, 2009. â€Å"Tannic Acid† http://tannicacid. info/ (September 21, 2012). Richardson, B. 2012. Tannic Acid in Tea? I Don’t Think So. The Serene Cup. Tiwari TP, Bharti SK, Kaur HD, Dikshit RP, Hoondal GS. 2005. Synergistic antimicrobial activity of tea antibiotics. US Natural Library of Medicine. 122: 80-4. Yildirim, A. 2000. J. Agric. Food Chem. , Vol. 38, No. 10. Turkey: Erzurum. How to cite The Effects of Black Tea on the Growth, Essay examples

Date of Payment of Dividend †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Date of Payment of Dividend. Answer: Introduction: Case introduction: In this case, James OHalloran and his wife were acting as the directors and beneficiaries of Fame Decorator Agencies. The company had 217,430 ordinary shares and it also had 66,125 convertible preference shares in Jeffries Industries Ltd., which was a public company at the time and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. Till December 1994, O'Halloran remained the director and chairman of the company. It was provided by the Articles of Association of Jeffries that in case the company failed to declare dividend regarding the convertible preference shares, they could be converted into ordinary shares on the basis of a formula. According to this formula, the lower the aggregate, weighted average sale price, the higher will be the number of ordinary shares that would be received by the preference shareholders in case of such conversion. The aggregate weighted sale price was going to be decided on the basis of the average price of ordinary shares that were sold on ASX during the 20 days trading period immediately before the date of the payment of dividend. On 28 April, Jeffries Industries announced at nearly 2:44 PM to the ASX that it was not going to pay dividend preference shareholders and therefore they can convert their shares. On the same day at 3:30 PM, Mr OHalloran contacted his stockbroker and placed an order for selling 170,000 ordinary shares held by Fame in Jeffries down to 13 cents per share. Therefore, 170,000 ordinary shares of Jeffries were sold by the stockbroker at prices from 35 cents to 13 cents. Before the sale, the last sale price of the ordinary shares of Jeffries was 45 cents. In view of the ASIC, as a result of this trading, after conversion, Fame was going to receive 42 ordinary shares in return of each reference share. The other hand, if the trading would not have taken place, only 24 ordinary shares would have been received by Fame in return of the reference share. Assuming a value of 30 cents per ordinary share, the convertible preference shareholding of Fame would have become nearly $833,175 in place of the original $476,100. In the present case, Fame Decorators Ltd was a holder of preference shares. The company organized a sale of 170,000 shares by its stockbroker in Jeffries industries during the last eight minutes left for trading in the market, striking all the offer orders that were listed above. Out of these, 74,000 have been sold and the 13 cent mark, where the last sale for the day had taken place. The offer for 13 cent had been made, speculatively by an unrelated third party. However, there were suspicions on part of Jeffries Industries regarding these transactions. The reason was that they can significantly impact the weighted average of the ordinary shares of the company for purchasing the conversion of preferred stock. Therefore, if the transactions that the place on 28th of April were ignored, each holder of preference stock would have received 25 ordinary shares on the basis of each preference share. If these were included, the conversion rate that would have been applied would be a 42 for o ne. Under these circumstances, Jeffries Industries had discussions with the Australian Stock Exchange, and it was decided by the directors of the company that April 28 trading needs to be excluded. There was one more holder of preference shares, Fenwick, who had decided that the validity of this decision needs to be challenged. The case was heard by Cohen J. at the first instance. He arrived at the conclusion that the market had been manipulated by Fame Decorators for the purpose of maximizing its return from the provision of conversion and in this way, the company had contravened deeper emissions that are similar to the proposed section 11 B, Securities Markets Act. It was stated by the Court that the available evidence was not sufficient to support the contention made by Fame regarding an immediate financial obligation behind certainly discounted selling of these shares. The court stated that Fame had recourse to finance from other sources. Under the circumstances, it was held by the court that the translations cannot be described as general supply and demand but instead, these translations were made by the seller was not looking for general demand. The duties/responsibilities breached: However in this regard, an arbitrary distinction was made by Cohen J. The court stated that the sales down to $.25 cents were not treated as a breach due to reason that they were not so obviously a sacrificial price as compared to the sales at 14 and 13 cents. As a result of this distinction, it can be implied that the single sale of 170,000 shares could either be split into two purposes, one of which was a legitimate purpose and the other was manipulated or the sale had multiple effects, one of which was misleading, while the other was not. Hence, an appeal was made against this decision. In the appeal, it was argued by Fame that the conduct of the company regarding the sale cannot be described as misleading or deceptive and there was no manipulation of the market involved in this transaction. However, it was acknowledged by Fame that the conduct of the company can be described as opportunistic taking advantage of the situation present in the market. However, it was argued by the company that the company was not responsible for the creation of such a situation or any person in collusion. However, the appeal was rejected by the majority. It was found by the court that the equivalent to s11B cannot be described as being confined to fictitious trading. However, a judgment in dissent was written by Priestly. He disagreed with the opinion of the majority according to which the arm's-length translations that have been executed according to the SEATS with method cannot be considered as tenant demand and supply. In the opinion of Priestly, JA, he felt uneasy regarding the imposition of liability for demand regulation of market, particularly when the market participants had all the relevant information available to them. Therefore, he expressed the opinion that an observer of events related with the last eight minutes of trading, who understood the facts that were publicly available and were relevant to the shares of Jeffries Industries, would not have been deceived regarding the market price of diesel shares due to the reason of what took place during the last eight minutes of trading. Discuss and critically ANALYSE the court/tribunal decision: Hence in this case, the court was divided regarding the culpability of transaction. According to the majority of the court, the transaction has been described as manipulative due to the reason that the majority felt that the purpose of the transaction was to artificially host down the price of the shares in order to increase the entitlement of the appellant on conversion of preference shares. On the other hand, in the opinion of the minority, the transaction has merely taken place due to the mechanism of the market. The apparent and done nothing in order to influence the market mechanism except from accepting the offers. According to the rules of the market. In this way, this division in the opinion of the court also reveals the limits present in case of the requirements of specific intent due to the reason that it can be plausibly argued, as done by the minority judge in this case, that, while acting for his own advantage, the purpose of the appellant, cannot be described as creatin g a false or misleading opinions regarding the market. The purpose of the apparent was to bring a close of market price that would be advantageous to him, regarding the conversion of preference shares. In this way, the issue that was mentioned by the minority argument can be dealt with by the interpretation of general intent to manipulate. Even if the minority view is accepted that the appellant did not have the purpose of creating false or misleading appearance of market because he had arguably done nothing more than selling shares according to the procedure of the market, still the transaction can be described as manipulative and the reason that clearly there was an intention present on part of the appellant lamentably regarding the convergent transaction. Therefore, it can be stated that the bad oblation law is not only confined to the deception of a purchaser or a seller of the securities but the law also covers any manipulative device that has been used in case of a securities transaction. However, even if the above-mentioned reasoning may appear to be a little broad, but it can be justified on the basis of a number of grounds. First of all, it will be practically more effective to deal with market manipulation. It would also be consistent with the proposal that has been made by some commentators regarding a general anti-fraud provision; the implied intent approach can also widen the scope of anti-manipulation legislation. Therefore, it will result in improving the rate of enforcement as well as the rate of deterrence. It is particularly very significant, especially in view of the present poor record of enforcement that exists in Australia. In the same way, secondly, it appears that there is some judicial support also present for this approach. The reasoning mentioned above, that was applied by the majority in Fame, according to which, the conduct of the company regarding this sale. The probability to deceive or mislead the third parties who were entitled to depend on the market price in order to determine the conversion rate. Hence, it can be said that it was the impact of the transaction on the parties due to which the court was prompted to arise at the conclusion that the sale was manipulated. Similarly, if the experience from the US can be considered as a guide, the famous misappropriation theory present in the insider trading law was developed in the similar way in accordance with the general anti-fraud rule. The misappropriation theory provides that the fraud takes place on the source of information instead of market traders. Therefore it appears that even if the general intent approach may appear to be broad, but it is a viable option. The relevance of the decision: Therefore, briefly speaking, although there are certain difficulties present, but the implied intent approach needs to be the way forward in order to improve the efficiency of the market manipulation regime. By adopting this approach, the test of manipulation will be broadened and therefore the regime will become more responsive towards new and emerging manipulative practices, but at the same time, it will also prevent over-deterrence, or in other words, to deter the participants in the market from entering socially desirable and legitimate transactions. Hence the general intent needs to be developed judicially by self implied intent approach, which may represent betterment as compared to the specific intent requirement that was present in the earlier provisions. In this case, it appears that the defense has generally relied on the illusion that Jeffries Industries cannot be described as a trading or e financial Corporation. It was said that Jeffries Industries was a holding company. They did not have any other significant assets, apart from the shares in its subsidiaries. The company did not produce much income, apart from the dividends from its subsidiaries. The company did not have really separates the. The trading of the was done by its subsidiaries. The evidence produced by the Crown by the former managing director of Jeffries Industries advised that the company had exercised strict cash and management control on all the companies of the group, which pointed out towards the fact that it was a type of finance company, and it was operating as a trading company with the help of its subsidiaries.